ARLINGTON, VA — Seventy-two vehicles have earned the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's Top Safety Pick award for 2009. This is more than double the number of 2008 recipients and more than three times the number of 2007 winners.

Top Safety Pick recognizes vehicles that do the "best job of protecting people in front, side, and rear crashes based on good ratings in institute tests," the IIHS said. Winners also must have electronic stability control (ESC), which research shows significantly reduces crash risk.

For the first time ever, winners represent every class of vehicle the institute tests except microcars. Most car, minivan, and SUV models, midsize convertibles, and small and large pickups are eligible. Ford and its subsidiary Volvo have 16 winners, including the Ford F-150 large pickup. Thirteen winners are from Honda and its Acura division. The Honda Fit with optional ESC is the first minicar to earn Top Safety Pick.

Honda, Acura and Subaru, which picked up four awards, are standouts for 2009 because they have at least one Top Safety Pick in every vehicle class in which they compete.

"Consumers are the biggest winners," said Institute President Adrian Lund. "No matter what kind of vehicle buyers may be considering, now they can walk into just about any dealership and find one that affords the best overall protection in serious crashes."

Front and side impacts are the most common kinds of fatal crashes, killing about three-quarters of the 28,896 passenger vehicle occupants who died in 2007. Rear-end crashes usually aren't fatal, but they result in a large proportion of crash injuries. Neck sprain or strain is the most commonly reported injury in two-thirds of insurance claims for injuries in all kinds of crashes.

Top Safety Pick provides an incentive for manufacturers to offer safer vehicle designs that go far beyond basic federal standards.

"In order to win, automakers have beefed up the side structures of vehicles and added side airbags to do a better job of protecting people in serious side crashes," Lund said. "They're rapidly adding ESC to prevent crashes, and they're designing seats and head restraints that do a better job of protecting against whiplash."

The changes are evident in the safety equipment that is increasingly standard. For the 2009 model year, 84 percent of passenger cars, 99 percent of SUVs, and 23 percent of pickups have standard side airbags with head protection. The same is true for ESC. It's standard on 74 percent of passenger cars, 99 percent of SUVs, and 37 percent of pickups.

The institute began the Top Safety Pick program in 2006, initially giving out two tiers of awards. Gold winners scored "good" ratings for front, side and rear crash protection. Silver winners had "good" ratings in front and side tests and "acceptable" ratings in rear evaluations.

For 2007, the IIHS raised the bar to win by requiring good rear impact results and ESC as either standard or optional equipment. ESC helps drivers maintain control of their vehicles in the worst situation -- loss of control at high speed -- by engaging automatically when it senses vehicle instability and helping to bring a vehicle back in the intended line of travel. ESC lowers the risk of a fatal single-vehicle crash by about half, and it lowers the risk of a fatal rollover crash by as much as 70 percent.

Crash tests have driven major improvements in the designs of all kinds and sizes of passenger vehicles. The institute began conducting frontal tests for consumer information in 1995. Side tests were added in 2003 and rear tests in 2004. Most vehicles earn "good" ratings based on the frontal crash test, but significant differences remain among vehicles' performance in side and rear tests.

Twenty-six models fall short of earning Top Safety Pick because of inadequate head restraint designs, the IIHS said. The Smart Fortwo, the only microcar in the U.S. market, missed because of its head restraints. The same goes for Toyota's hybrid Prius, which performed well in the institute's front and side crash tests but came up short for rear crash protection, the institute said.

Chrysler "could have picked up five awards if the head restraints were better in the Dodge Avenger and Chrysler Sebring, the Sebring convertible, and the Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country," the institute said.

A 2008 IIHS analysis of insurance claims found that, all other factors being the same, drivers of vehicles with seat/head restraint combinations rated "good" in institute evaluations were 15 percent less likely to sustain neck injuries in rear-end crashes than drivers of vehicles with "poor" head restraints.

Eleven vehicles missed the mark because they didn't earn a "good" rating for occupant protection in side crashes. Many of these vehicles are smaller cars whose size puts them at a disadvantage in the challenging test compared with larger, heavier vehicles.

"Still, the sheer number of this year's winners indicates that automakers have made huge strides to improve crash protection to achieve Top Safety Pick designation," Lund said. "For years Toyota had more also-rans than winners. For 2009 this automaker has come on strong by updating seats and head restraints in the Avalon, Corolla, FJ Cruiser, and RAV4 to earn good ratings. Volkswagen has done the same with the Eos, Jetta, Passat, and Rabbit."

Winners include eight large cars, 13 midsize cars, six small cars, one minicar, three midsize convertibles, and three minivans. Among SUVs, 19 are midsize, 10 are small, and five are large. The 2008 Toyota Tundra was the first large pickup to earn Top Safety Pick. For 2009, the Tundra is joined by the Ford F-150 and the Honda Ridgeline. The Toyota Tacoma is the only small pickup winner.

Each year the institute offers to test Top Safety Pick candidates early in the model year. The policy is for manufacturers to reimburse the institute for the cost of vehicles if the tests aren't part of the group's regular schedule.

Top Safety Pick is presented by vehicle size because size and weight are closely related, and both influence how well occupants will be protected in serious crashes. Larger, heavier vehicles generally afford better protection in crashes than smaller, lighter ones.

"Just because small cars are Top Safety Picks doesn't make them as crashworthy as larger vehicles," Lund said. "Rather, it's all the more important to choose a small car that rates highly for safety because you give up the protection of size and weight."

The institute's frontal crashworthiness evaluations are based on results of 40 mph frontal offset crash tests. Each vehicle's overall evaluation is based on measurements of intrusion into the occupant compartment, injury measures recorded on a Hybrid III dummy in the driver seat, and analysis of slow-motion film to assess how well the restraint system controlled dummy movement during the test.

Side evaluations are based on performance in a crash test in which the side of a vehicle is struck by a barrier moving at 31 mph. The barrier represents the front end of a pickup or SUV. Ratings reflect injury measures recorded on two instrumented SID-IIs dummies, assessment of head protection countermeasures, and the vehicle's structural performance during the impact.

Rear crash protection is rated according to a two-step procedure. Starting points for the ratings are measurements of head restraint geometry -- the height of a restraint and its horizontal distance behind the back of the head of an average-size man. Seat/head restraints with "good" or "acceptable" geometry are tested dynamically using a dummy that measures forces on the neck. This test simulates a collision in which a stationary vehicle is struck in the rear at 20 mph. Seats without "good" or "acceptable" geometry are rated "poor" overall because they can't be positioned to protect many people.

Here are the 72 winners:

Large cars:

Acura RL

Audi A6

Cadillac CTS

Ford Taurus

Lincoln MKS

Mercury Sable

Toyota Avalon

Volvo S80

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Midsize cars:

Acura TL, TSX

Audi A3, A4

BMW 3 series 4-door models

Ford Fusion with optional electronic stability control

Honda Accord 4-door models

Mercedes C class

Mercury Milan with optional electronic stability control

Saab 9-3

Subaru Legacy

Volkswagen Jetta, Passat

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Midsize convertibles:

Saab 9-3

Volkswagen Eos

Volvo C70

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Small cars:

Honda Civic 4-door models (except Si) with optional electronic stability control

Mitsubishi Lancer with optional electronic stability control

Scion xB

Subaru Impreza with optional electronic stability control

Toyota Corolla with optional electronic stability control

Volkswagen Rabbit

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Minicar:

Honda Fit with optional electronic stability control

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Minivans:

Honda Odyssey

Hyundai Entourage

Kia Sedona

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Large SUVs:

Audi Q7

Buick Enclave

Chevrolet Traverse

GMC Acadia

Saturn Outlook

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Midsize SUVs:

Acura MDX, RDX

BMW X3, X5

Ford Edge, Flex, Taurus X

Honda Pilot

Hyundai Santa Fe, Veracruz

Infiniti EX35

Lincoln MKX

Mercedes M class

Nissan Murano

Saturn VUE

Subaru Tribeca

Toyota FJ Cruiser, Highlander

Volvo XC90

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Small SUVs:

Ford Escape

Honda CR-V, Element

Mazda Tribute

Mercury Mariner

Mitsubishi Outlander

Nissan Rogue

Subaru Forester

Toyota RAV4

Volkswagen Tiguan

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Large pickups:

Ford F-150

Honda Ridgeline

Toyota Tundra

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Small pickup:

Toyota Tacoma

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Also-Rans:

These 26 vehicles earned "good" ratings in front and side crash tests. They have ESC, standard or optional. The institute said they would be 2009 Top Safety Pick winners if their seat/head restraints also earned "good" ratings:

Chevrolet Malibu

Chrysler Sebring, Sebring convertible, Town & Country

Dodge Avenger, Grand Caravan

Infiniti G35, M35

Kia Amanti

Lexus ES, GS,IS

Mazda CX-7, CX-9

Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder, Endeavor

Nissan Altima, Pathfinder, Quest, Xterra

Saturn AURA

Smart Fortwo

Toyota 4Runner, Camry, Prius, Sienna.