A 100-car naturalistic driving study, conducted by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, has concluded that fatigue is a cause of 20% of crashes, rather than the 2-3% previously estimated. Previous estimates were based on surveys, simulator studies and test tracks.
What’s more, 18- to 20-year-olds account for significantly more fatigue-related crashes than any other age group. Adolescents’ sleep patterns shift to later hours. But the school day still tends to start early, resulting in daytime sleepiness. Older drivers can face similar issues with late nights and early work times, but have more experience coping with moderate fatigue – although, not always.
“One of the most important results from the 100-car naturalistic driving study was the degree to which fatigue is a cause of accidents,” said Charlie Klauer, group leader for teen risk and injury prevention at the transportation institute’s Center for Vulnerable Road User Safety. “A finding that surprised people is the prevalence of fatigue during the day. We found significantly more crashes/near crashes due to fatigue during the day than at night.”
The study allowed researchers to observe driver behavior just prior to a crash. In 20% of all crashes and 16% of all near crashes, the driver was showing fatigue.
“We saw eye-lid closure, head bobbing, severe loss of facial musculature, micro sleep – which is when your eyes drift shut and then pop up,” said Klauer. “This was not just yawning. The drivers were asleep.”
A total of 100 drivers who commuted into or out of the Northern Virginia/Washington, D.C., metropolitan area were initially recruited as primary drivers for the research project. They had their vehicles instrumented or received a leased vehicle instrumented for the study. Since other family members and friends would occasionally drive the instrumented vehicles, data were collected on 132 additional drivers.
Researchers selected a larger sample of drivers below the age of 25, compared to the total population of drivers, and a sample that drove more than the average number of miles.
Virginia Tech Transportation Institute engineers developed the data acquisition system used for the 100-car study.
Sensors included five video channels, forward and rearward Vorad radar units, accelerometers, lane tracking software, and an in-vehicle network sensor. The cameras were mounted unobtrusively to facilitate naturalistic driving behavior.
Researchers viewed more than 110,000 events in order to validate 10,548 events – specifically, 82 crashes, including 13 where the data was incomplete; 761 near crashes; 8,295 incidents, such as braking hard for slowing or stopped traffic; and 1,423 non-conflict events, such as running a stop light with no traffic present.
In addition, researchers viewed 20,000 randomly selected six-second segments of video. Incidents of moderate to severe driver fatigue were noted, providing an estimate of the amount of time drivers were fatigued but were not involved in a crash or near-crash.
The total number of subjects who were involved in fatigue-related crashes and near-crashes was 38, with 11 drivers accounting for 58% of all the fatigue-related crashes and near-crashes.
“Applying the findings to the population at large, these results suggest that drivers are at a four-times greater risk of a crash or near-crash if they choose to drive while fatigued,” said Tom Dingus, director of the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. “That suggests that about 12% of all crashes and near-crashes in the population are attributable to fatigue.”
Analyses with the 100-car study database will continue. Data from a new U.S. study, the Strategic Highway Research Program, with 2,000 cars, will also provide greater statistical power.
In addition, new naturalistic driving studies focused on 16- to 18-year-old drivers are now under way. A Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study, sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, seeks to determine the effects of experience on driving performance -- and the extent of variability in driving performance under specific driving conditions, such as at night.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided additional funds to analyze the data from the teen driving study to help determine which driving performance parameters and situations should be used to provide feedback about unsafe driving performance to newly licensed teens.
The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving data set was collected in 2003 and 2004 and has been mined numerous times since. Databases from the 100-car study are available for public use on the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute website. Several publications resulting from analysis of the data are reported by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
