A research team from Georgia Tech compared medium-duty electric and diesel, urban delivery trucks for a range of scenarios and discovered the total costs of ownership (TCO) were very similar – but the cost-competitiveness of the electric truck drops in drive cycles with higher average speed.
Researchers tested a 2011 Smith Newton model with a GVW of 7,490 pounds, curb weight of 4,260 pounds, and payload of 3,230 pounds. The truck was powered by a 120 kW electric motor traveling an average of 31 miles per day at an average speed of 32 mph while making an average of 1.7 stops per kilometer (.62 miles).
That was compared with a 2006 Freightliner package delivery truck with a Cummins engine with a GVW of 7,260 pounds, curb weight of 4,400 pounds, and payload of 2,860 pounds. It traveled 41 miles daily at an average speed of 32 mph making 1.9 stops per kilometer.
Overall, researchers found the lifecycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of the electric truck are lower than that of the diesel truck, particularly for the frequent stop and low average speed drive cycles such as would be found delivering in New York City (NYC). Over an array of possible conditions, the median total cost of ownership of electric trucks is 22-percent less than that of diesel trucks on the New York City cycle.
On that NYC cycle, electric trucks emit 42-percent to 61-percent less GHGs and consume 32-percent to 54-percent less energy than diesel trucks, depending on vehicle efficiency.
For a drive cycle with less frequent stops and high average speed, such as the City–Suburban Heavy Vehicle Cycle used in the study, electric trucks emit 19-percent to 43-percent less GHGs and consume 5-percent to 34-percent less energy, but cost 1-percent more than the diesel counterparts.
Battery replacement along with electrical generation figures will also greatly affect the relative TCO of the electric truck, researchers said.
To maximize the benefits from electric trucks, the durability and reliability of the automotive lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery are crucial, which might be advanced with technological development, noted the study’s authors. Recycling of the EV Li-ion battery could also improve lifecycle energy consumption and GHG emissions.
The Georgia Tech team consisted of Dong-Yeon Lee, Civil and Environmental Engineering Ph.D. student; Valerie Thomas, Anderson Interface Associate Professor of Natural Systems in the Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering; and Marilyn Brown, professor in the School of Public Policy. The study is published in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology.
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