EV Charging at Home: Taxable Benefit or Work Tool?

As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular for fleet use, businesses are faced with a new question: Is a home charger for an EV considered a taxable benefit or an untaxed work tool? This issue has been debated for years, and the IRS has yet to provide guidance. As a result, businesses are left to try to interpret the law themselves. 

In-Kind Benefits are Fully Taxable

Under general tax principles, the provision of an in-kind benefit to an employee is fully taxable in the absence of a specific tax code-based exclusion.

According to Ethan Severance, a Clean Transportation Expert and Attorney at Foley Hoag LLP, “Since there is no provision of the Internal Revenue Code that specifically excludes the value of at-home EV charging stations from an employee’s taxable income, the IRS is likely to view the employee as realizing taxable compensation equal to the value of the charger and the cost of installation.”

Defining a Work Tool

That said, a home charger might be classified as a work tool if it meets certain criteria. A work tool is defined as any property or service provided to an employee that is necessary for business use. 

Criteria for classifying a home charger as a work tool include the necessity for business use such as whether an employee is required to have a vehicle for work purposes and whether the business owns and controls use of the charger. 

What About EV Charging at Work?

Many employers are also wondering whether offering employees charging at work creates a taxable event.

“There is an open question as to whether an employee’s use of a workplace EV charger could be excludable from the employee’s taxable compensation as a de minimis benefit,” Severance explained.

A de minimis benefit is any property or service provided to an employee that has so little value that accounting for it would be unreasonable or administratively impracticable.

In 2015, U.S Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) requested that the IRS issue guidance explicitly include complimentary workplace EV charging as a de minimis fringe benefit.

The IRS responded that it might issue guidance on the question in the future, but until then it would determine the taxability of free workplace EV charging on a case-by-case basis, depending on individual facts and circumstances.

“This means that employers need to consider how often employees use the workplace charging stations and the cost to the company of providing the benefit. Historically, the IRS has limited the value of a de minimis benefit to $100 a year,” Severance noted. 

NAFA is Lobbying for Change  

In 2022, the National Association of Fleet Administrators (NAFA) requested that the IRS issue guidance to address the fringe benefit implications of at-home charging of an employer-provided EV.

NAFA argued that all costs associated with a Level 2 charger for take-home work EVs, including installation, be considered a non-compensatory business cost with reimbursement excludable from an employee's income as a fringe benefit. 

Furthermore, NAFA contended that the kWh cost of at-home charging also be excludable from an employee's income as a fringe benefit. The IRS has yet to respond, but a response is expected sometime this year.

Home Charger as Taxable Benefit: Clarification Needed

“Unfortunately, until the IRS issues guidance or Congress acts to exclude such benefits from taxable income, the analysis is heavily fact-dependent, and there is no one-size-fits-all answer,” Severance concluded. 

There are advantages and disadvantages to classifying a home charger as a taxable benefit or a work tool. Classifying it as a taxable benefit provides simplicity and clarity, but disincentivizes EV adoption.

Classifying it as a work tool, by contrast, provides tax relief and cost savings, but it could lead to inaccurate tax returns, penalties, and interest charges from the IRS if found to be a misclassification.  

In order to clarify this gray area and promote the accelerating EV adoption necessary to meet the United States’ climate goals, the IRS should issue guidance adopting NAFA’s positions. Until then, businesses should consider the factors discussed above and consult with tax or legal professionals before making a choice.

David Lewis is the founder and CEO of MoveEV, an AI-driven green tech solution designed to make it easy for companies to accelerate electric vehicle (EV) adoption.